Last updated on: 4/3/2024 | Author: ProCon.org

Footnotes

The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following sources.

1.Ciara McCarthy, "Concealed Carry Is Now Legal in All 50 States, and the NRA Doesn't Want Us to Know What That Really Means," slate.com, July 11, 2013
2.Jeff Dege, "Progress in Right-to-Carry," Gun Nuttery website, May 18, 2008
3.Richard Getchall, "Carrying Concealed Weapons in Self-Defense: Florida Adopts Uniform Regulations for the Issuance of Concealed Weapons Permits," Florida State University Law Review, 1987
4.National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative, "Right-to-Carry 2009," nraila.org, May 7, 2009
5."Going for the Guns," msnbc.com, Mar. 18, 2010
6.John Lott, Jr., More Guns, Less Crime, 1998
7.National Research Council, Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review, 2004
8.John Lott, Jr., More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun-control Laws, 2000
9.Gary Kleck, Targeting Guns: Firearms and Their Control, 1997
10.Students for Concealed Carry "Common Arguments," concealedcampus.org (accessed Mar. 25, 2010)
11.Charles Branas, et al., "Investigating the Link between Gun Possession and Gun Assault," American Journal of Public Health, Nov. 2009
12.David McDowell, et al., "Easing Concealed Firearms Laws: Effects on Homicide in Three States,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Fall 1995
13.David Hemenway, Deborah Azrael, and Mathew Miller, "Gun Use in the United States: Results from Two National Surveys," Injury Prevention, Dec. 2000
14.Violence Policy Center, "Concealed Carry Killers," vpc.org (accessed Mar. 19, 2014
15.US Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Crime in the United States, 2007," fbi.gov, Sep. 2008
16.Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway, "Firearm Availability and Unintentional Firearm Deaths," Accident Analysis and Prevention, July 2001
17.CBS News and New York Times, "Majority Support for Many Gun-Related Proposals," scribd.com, Jan. 11-15, 2013
18.John Lott, Jr., "Analysis: Fact-Checkers Fall Short in Criticizing NRA's Anti-Obama Ads," FoxNews.com, Sep. 24, 2008
19.Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, "Weaker Gun Laws, Lack of Leadership Earn President Obama a Failing Grade," bradycampaign.org, Jan. 19, 2010
20.Jeffrey Snyder, "Fighting Back: Crime, Self-Defense, and the Right to Carry a Handgun," cato.org, Oct. 22, 1997
21.Ian Ayres, PhD, and John Donohue, PhD, "Shooting Down the More Guns, Less Crime Hypothesis," Stanford Law Review, Apr. 2003
22.David Welna, "Senate Rejects Concealed Weapons Measure," NPR.com, July 22, 2009
23.Lindsey Reiser, "Arizona May Allow Faculty to Carry Guns on Campus," ABCNews.com, Feb. 5, 2010
24.Wayne Laugesen, "Sheriff Says He'll Undermine Gun Ban," The Gazette, Feb. 23, 2010
25.Bruce Rushton, "Gun-rights Activists Descend on Capitol," State Journal-Register, Mar. 11, 2010
26."Concealed Carry Permits Hit Ohio High," Mansfield News Journal, Mar. 1, 2010
27.Mike Wereschagin and David Brown, "Candidates' Gun Control Positions May Figure in PA. Vote," Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Apr. 2, 2008
28.Patrik Jonsson, "UT Shooting Comes Just As Austin Campus Debates Concealed Weapons Law," Christian Science Monitor, Sep. 28, 2010
29.R.G. Ratcliffe and Gary Scharrer, "Lockdown in Austin," Houston Chronicle, Sep. 28, 2010
30.William E. Sturdevant, PE, "An Analysis of the Arrest Rate of Texas Concealed Handgun License Holders as Compared to the Arrest Rate of the Entire Texas Population," txchia.org, Sep. 1, 2000
31.Antonin Scalia, Majority Opinion, District of Columbia v. Heller, law.cornell.edu, June 26, 2008
32.Gary Kleck and Marc Gertz, "Armed Resistance to Crime: The Prevalence and Nature of Self-Defense with a Gun," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Autumn 1995
33.Ian Ayres and John J. Donohue III, "More Guns, Less Crime Fails Again: The Latest Evidence from 1977 – 2006," Journal of the American Institute for Economic Research, May 2009
34.Violence Policy Center, "License to Kill IV: More Guns, More Crime," vpc.org, June 2002
35.Matthew Miller, MD, and David Hemenway, PhD, "Guns and Suicide in the United States," New England Journal of Medicine, Sep. 4, 2008
36.Clayton E. Cramer, Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic: Dueling, Southern Violence, and Moral Reform, 1999
37.Carol Skalnik Leff and Mark H. Leff, "The Politics of Ineffectiveness: Federal Firearms Legislation, 1919-38," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, May 1981
38.David M. Goldman, JD, "The National Firearms Act," guntrustlawyer.com, May 4, 2008
39.Richard S. Grossman and Stephen A. Lee, "May Issue vs. Shall Issue: Explaining the Pattern of Concealed Carry Handgun Laws, 1960-2001," Contemporary Economic Policy, Apr. 2008
40.Florenz Plassmann and T. Nicolaus Tideman, "Does the Right to Carry Concealed Handguns Deter Countable Crimes? Only a Count Analysis Can Say," Journal of Law and Economics, Oct. 2001
41.Carlisle E. Moody and Thomas B. Marvell, "The Debate on Shall-Issue Laws," econjournalwatch.com, Sep. 2008
42.Samuel Alito, Majority Opinion, McDonald v. Chicago, (1.1 MB) supremecourt.gov, June 28, 2010
43.Charlie Mathews, "Wisconsin Concealed-Carry Law May Prompt New Ordinances," htrnews.com, July 8, 2011
44.Ray Long, "With Deadline Approaching, Illinois Lawmakers Struggle to See Eye to Eye on Concealed Carry," articles.chicagotribune.com, Apr. 10, 2013
45.USA Carry, "Concealed Carry Permit Information by State," usacarry.com (accessed Mar. 14, 2014)
46.National Conference of State Legislatures, "Guns on Campus: Overview," ncsl.org, Mar. 2014
47.USA Carry, "Washington D.C. Concealed Carry Permit Information," usacarry.com (accessed Mar. 19, 2014)
48.Ben Garrett, "Concealed Carry: A Look at America's Handgun Permit Status," civilliberty.about.com (accessed Mar. 19, 2014)
49.Radical Gun Nuttery, "Progress in Right-to-Carry," gun-nuttery.com, July 3, 2013
50.US Supreme Court, Robertson v. Baldwin, supreme.justia.com, 1897
51.Dinesh Ramde, "Senate Votes to Legalize Concealed Carry," host.madison.com, June 15, 2011
52.Mark Gius, "An Examination of the Effects of Concealed Weapons Laws and Assault Weapons Bans on State–Level Murder Rates," Applied Economics Letters, Nov. 26, 2013
53.National Archives, "Constitution of the United States," archives.gov (accessed Apr. 22, 2014)
54.US 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, Moore v. Madigan, law.justicia.com, Dec. 11, 2012
55.US 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, Peruta v. San Diego, cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov, Feb. 13, 2014
56.Tom W. Smith, "2001 National Gun Policy Survey of the National Opinion Research Center: Research Findings," hawaii.edu, Dec. 2001
57.Ed Marshall, "Former Chicagoan: Concealed Guns Make Me Feel Safer," chicago.cbslocal.com, Mar. 10, 2011
58.Teresa Stepzinski, "More Women Carrying Concealed Weapons in Florida," jacksonville.com, Mar. 23, 2014
59.Nick Leghorn, "NY Times Proves Concealed Carry License Holders More Law-Abiding Than the Population. Unintentionally," thetruthaboutguns.com, Dec. 28, 2011
60.Patrik Jonsson, "Gun Debate: Is Price of an Armed America a More Dangerous America?," csmonitor.com, Feb. 2, 2014
61.David B. Kopel, "Colorado Consensus on Gun Laws," cato.org, July 26, 2012
62.University of Chicago Press, "An Interview with John R. Lott, Jr.," press.uchicago.edu (accessed Apr. 22, 2014)
63.Linda Greenhouse, "Justices Rule Police Do Not Have a Constitutional Duty to Protect Someone," nytimes.com, June 28, 2005
64.Ashley Woods, "Police Chief James Craig Says What Detroit Needs Is More Guns," huffingtonpost.com, Jan. 23, 2014
65.Ipsos Public Affairs, "Gun Rights/Regulations Poll," ipsos-na.com, Apr. 2012
66.Abhay Aneja, John J. Donohue III, and Alexandria Zhang, "The Impact of Right to Carry Laws and the NRC Report: The Latest Lessons for the Empirical Evaluation of Law and Policy," nber.org, Aug. 2012
67.Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, "Guns in Public Places: The Increasing Threat of Hidden Guns in America," smartgunlaws.org, July 1, 2011
68.Ethan Bronner, "Other States, and Other Times, Would Have Posed Obstacles for Gunman," nytimes.com, July 24, 2012
69.Violence Policy Center, "States with Higher Gun Ownership and Weak Gun Laws Lead Nation in Gun Death," vpc.org, Feb. 7, 2013
70.US Supreme Court, District of Columbia v. Heller, supremecourt.gov, June 26, 2008
71.National Archives, "Bill of Rights," archives.gov (accessed Apr. 22, 2014)
72.The Gainesville Sun, "Felons Exploit Loopholes in Fla. Concealed Weapons Law," gainesville.com, Jan. 29, 2007
73.James Wright and Peter Rossi, "Armed Criminals in America: A Survey of Incarcerated Felons, 1983," ncjrs.gov, 1985
74.Fred Clark, "Concealed Carry Training Requirement Suspended," legis.wisconsin.gov, Nov. 8, 2011
75.United States Government Accountability Office (GAO), "States' Laws and Requirements for Concealed Carry Permits Vary across the Nation," gao.gov, July 2012
76.Patrick Marley, "Committee Suspends Training Requirement for Concealed Weapons," jsonline.com, Nov. 7, 2011
77.Southern Illinois University, "Poll: Gun Related Issues Evenly Divide States Voters," news.siu.edu, Mar. 10, 2014
78.Amy Thompson, et al., "Student Perceptions and Practices Regarding Carrying Concealed Handguns on University Campuses," Journal of American College Health, July 2013
79.Law Center to Reduce Gun Violence, "Polling on Carrying Concealed Weapons," smartgunlaws.org, Sep. 9, 2012
80.PoliceOne.com, "PoliceOne's 2013 Gun Policy & Law Enforcement Survey Results: Executive Summary," policeone.com, Apr. 8, 2013
81.Carl Bialik, "Detroit Police Response Times No Guide to Effectiveness," wsj.com, Aug. 2, 2013
82.Richard W. Stevens, "Just Dial 911? The Myth of Police Protection," fee.org, Apr. 1, 2000
83.Southern California Public Radio (89.3 KPCC), "LAPD Chief Beck on Officer-Involved Shooting, California's Concealed Carry Gun Laws and Marijuana Enforcement," scpr.org, Feb. 19, 2014
84.Patrik Jonsson, "Florida Popcorn Shooting: Are Concealed Guns About Self-Defense or Power?," The Christian Science Monitor, Jan. 15, 2014
85.Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, "Supreme Court Leaves in Place New Jersey Law Limiting Guns in Public Places," smartgunlaws.org, May 5, 2014
86.David Kopel, "Licensed Handgun Carry Now Legal in District of Columbia: Palmer v. DC," Washington Post, July 28, 2014
87.Frederick J. Scullin Jr., Palmer v. District of Columbia, July 26, 2014
88.California Right to Carry, "Palmer v. District of Columbia," blog.californiarighttocarry.org (accessed Sep. 9, 2015)
89.Jim Irvine, "2009 Attorney General Summary on Concealed Carry: Another Record Year for Ohio Concealed Handgun Licenses," buckeyefirearms.org, Feb. 26, 2010
90.National Conference of State Legislatures, "Guns on Campus: Overview," ncsl.org, Nov. 1, 2019
91.John R. Lott and Rujun Wang, "Concealed Carry Permit Holders across the United States: 2020," papers.ssrn.com, Nov. 21, 2020
92.John Malcolm and Amy Swearer, "Here Are 8 Stubborn Facts on Gun Violence in America," heritage.org, Mar. 14, 2018
93.John J. Donohue, Abhay Aneja, and Kyle D. Weber, "Right-to-Carry Laws and Violent Crime: A Comprehensive Assessment Using Panel Data and a State-Level Synthetic Control Analysis," nber.org, Nov. 2018
94.Maura Ewing, "Do Right-to-Carry Gun Laws Make States Safer?," theatlantic.com, June 24, 2017
95.Larry Keane, "Concealed Carry Permit Holders Are Making America Safer and Citizens More Self-Reliant," nssf.org, Aug. 8, 2017
96.Amy Swearer and Cooper Conway, "Debunking the Myth of 'Concealed-Carry Killers,'" heritage.org, Nov. 5, 2019
97.Adam Nagourney and Erik Eckholm, "2nd Amendment Does Not Guarantee Right to Carry Concealed Guns, Court Rules," nytimes.com, June 9, 2016
98.Reuters Staff, "U.S. Appeals Court Upholds Right to Carry Gun in Public," reuters.com, July 24, 2018
99.Joseph Greenlee, "Concealed Carry and the Right to Bear Arms," fedsoc.org, Feb. 4, 2019
100.David French, "What Critics Don't Understand about Gun Culture," theatlantic.com, Feb. 27, 2018
101.John R. Lott, Jr., "Concealed Carry Permit Holders across the United States: 2018," papers.ssrn.com, Aug. 14, 2018
102.Carol W Runyan, et al., "US Women's Choices of Strategies to Protect Themselves from Violence," ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Aug. 13, 2007
103.Kim Parker, et al., "America's Complex Relationship with Guns," pewresearch.org, June 22, 2017
104.Marquise Francis, "Why Gun Sales Are Spiking among African-Americans," aol.com, Aug. 3, 2020
105.Christianna Silva, "Some Black Americans Buying Guns: 'I'd Rather Go To Trial Than Go To The Cemetery,'" npr.org, Sep. 27, 2020
106.Anna E. Kyriazis, "Do Concealed Carry Laws Affect Police Shootings?," aeaweb.org, Dec. 30, 2019
107.Katie Zezima, "More States Are Allowing People to Carry Concealed Handguns without a Permit," washingtonpost.com, Feb. 24, 2017
108.Everytown for Gun Safety, "Require Permits to Carry Concealed Guns in Public," everytown.org (accessed Dec. 23, 2020)
109.Tierney Sneed and Ariane de Vogue, "Supreme Court Strikes Down New York Concealed Gun Law," cnn.com, June 23, 2022
110.Amy Howe, "In 6–3 Ruling, Court Strikes Down New York’s Concealed-Carry Law, SCOTUSblog.com, June 23, 2022